1. Understanding the Three Technologies

1.1 Photovoltaic (PV)

PV panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor cells. They are simple, reliable, and widely deployed across            residential and commercial projects worldwide.

Key function: Electricity generation only

Typical commercial uses:

• Offset building electricity consumption

• Feed electricity into the grid

• Power lighting, office loads, HVAC, EV charging, and auxiliary systems

The limitation is straightforward: PV does not produce usable heat. In many commercial buildings, thermal demand            (domestic hot water, process heat, space heating) is equal to—or greater than—electric demand.

1.2 Heat Pumps

Heat pumps move thermal energy from ambient air, water, or ground into a building for heating (and often cooling). Instead of generating            heat by combustion, they use electricity to transfer heat efficiently.

Key function: Heating & cooling using electricity

Advantages:

• High seasonal efficiency (typical COP 3–5 depending on system and climate)